The rights, one by one

风险背在卖方身上

只有在你，或者由你指定且并非承运人的第三方，取得货物的实际占有时，货物灭失或损坏的风险才转移给你。因此，在路上丢掉的包裹仍然是卖方的问题。有一项例外，写在同一句话里：如果那家承运人是由你委托的，而经营者并未提供这一选择，风险自交付给承运人时转移。

“In contracts where the trader dispatches the goods to the consumer, the risk of loss of or damage to the goods shall pass to the consumer when he or a third party indicated by the consumer and other than the carrier has acquired the physical possession of the goods. However, the risk shall pass to the consumer upon delivery to the carrier if the carrier was commissioned by the consumer to carry the goods and that choice was not offered by the trader, without prejudice to the rights of the consumer against the carrier.”

交付不得晚于 30 天，除非约定了日期

30 天

在没有就其他交付时间达成约定的情况下，经营者应当交付，不得无故拖延，且不得晚于合同订立后 30 天。若约定了一个日期，那个日期说话。

“1. Unless the parties have agreed otherwise on the time of delivery, the trader shall deliver the goods by transferring the physical possession or control of the goods to the consumer without undue delay, but not later than 30 days from the conclusion of the contract.”

由你定下的额外期限，它撑起解除合同

未获交付时，你催告经营者在与情形相适应的额外期限内交付。若该期限未被遵守，你有权解除合同。这是强制的一级台阶，也正是让卷宗扎实的东西。

“2. Where the trader has failed to fulfil his obligation to deliver the goods at the time agreed upon with the consumer or within the time limit set out in paragraph 1, the consumer shall call upon him to make the delivery within an additional period of time appropriate to the circumstances. If the trader fails to deliver the goods within that additional period of time, the consumer shall be entitled to terminate the contract.”

立即解除，只留给写明的情形

当经营者已拒绝交付，或者在某一具体日期交付属于必要要素并在合同订立之前已讲明时，不必给出额外期限。在这些情形里，解除是立即的。

“The first subparagraph shall not be applicable to sales contracts where the trader has refused to deliver the goods or where delivery within the agreed delivery period is essential taking into account all the circumstances attending the conclusion of the contract or where the consumer informs the trader, prior to the conclusion of the contract, that delivery by or on a specified date is essential. In those cases, if the trader fails to deliver the goods at the time agreed upon with the consumer or within the time limit set out in paragraph 1, the consumer shall be entitled to terminate the contract immediately.”

退还已支付的全部款项，不得无故拖延

合同解除时，经营者退还依合同已支付的全部款项，含运费，不得无故拖延。只有在你更愿意的情况下，抵扣额度才能替代这项退款。

“3. Upon termination of the contract, the trader shall, without undue delay, reimburse all sums paid under the contract.”

预先勾选的方框不是同意

任何额外费用都需要你的明确同意。通过一个预先勾上的方框加上来的附加费没有获得有效同意，而以这种方式收取的任何款项都必须退还。

“You must give your explicit consent to any additional costs, for example if the trader wishes to offer you express delivery, or gift wrapping. Using a pre-ticked box on the trader's website does not constitute such consent and you would be entitled to reimbursement of any payment which has been collected in this way.”

2 年的法定保证，由卖方承担

2 年

卖方对交付时即已存在、并自该时起 2 年内显现的任何不符合情形承担责任。在整个欧盟，作为最低标准：你所在的国家可以规定更长的期间。

“1. The seller shall be liable to the consumer for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the goods were delivered and which becomes apparent within two years of that time.”

维修或更换，不收取任何费用

若货物被证明有瑕疵，卖方须予以维修或更换，不收取任何费用。若此举不可能，或者过于缓慢而无法做到不给你造成重大不便，你有权获得全额或部分退款。

“Under EU rules, if the goods you buy turn out to be faulty or do not look or work as advertised, the seller must repair or replace them at no cost. If this is impossible or the seller cannot do it within a reasonable time and without significant inconvenience to you, you are entitled to a full or partial refund.”

独立于任何商业保证

法定保证是针对卖方行使的，并且独立于任何商业保证而适用。制造商保修可以给得更多；它永远不得排除或减少你在最低 2 年保证之下的权利。

“As a consumer in the EU you also benefit from legal guarantee rights against the seller. The legal guarantee applies independently of any commercial guarantee.”

至少 1 年的推定，需一国一国核查

1 年

1 年内出现的任何瑕疵，推定在交付时即已存在，除非卖方证明相反。某些国家把这一期间延长到 2 年。在 1 年和 2 年之间，写信之前先查你所在国家的规则：无论如何，保证本身都在走。

“If a defect becomes apparent within 1 year of delivery, you don't have to prove it existed at the time of delivery. It is assumed that it did unless the seller can prove otherwise. In some EU countries, this period of “reversed burden of proof” is 2 years.”

补救方式的选择，然后是用钱的后续

为使货物符合合同，你在维修和更换之间选择，除非某一补救方式不可能或者费用不成比例。若卖方不予提供，或者未在合理期限内提供，接下来就是相应减价或者解除合同。

“The consumer shall be entitled to either a proportionate reduction of the price in accordance with Article 15 or the termination of the sales contract in accordance with Article 16 in any of the following cases: (a) the seller has not completed repair or replacement […] (d) the seller has declared, or it is clear from the circumstances, that the seller will not bring the goods into conformity within a reasonable time, or without significant inconvenience for the consumer.”

专业渠道的二手也在覆盖之内

从专业卖方处购买的二手货物，受最低 2 年保证的覆盖。更短的期间只在某些国家才可能，绝不得低于 1 年，而且必须有约定并在购买时讲清楚。

“Second-hand goods that you buy from a professional seller are also covered by the minimum 2-year guarantee. In some EU countries, you can agree with the seller on a guarantee period of less than 2 years. However, it must be no shorter than 1 year. This should be made clear at the time of purchase.”

14 天内撤回：不用给出理由

14 天

对于在网上、通过电话或者在你家门口作出的购买，你可以在 14 天内取消合同，无需给出任何理由。对于货物，期限自交付之日起算；对于服务，自合同订立之日起算。

“This means you can cancel the contract within 14 days without providing any justification (the "cooling-off period"). For goods this means 14 days from the date of delivery, for services 14 days after the day the contract was agreed.”

写明的起算点：取得占有

对于销售，撤回期限在你或者你指定的第三方取得货物实际占有之日后 14 天届满。下单日期和付款日期都不算。

“2. Without prejudice to Article 10, the withdrawal period referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall expire after 14 days […] (b) in the case of sales contracts, the day on which the consumer or a third party other than the carrier and indicated by the consumer acquires physical possession of the goods”

试用不是消耗

你只对超出为确定货物的性质、特征和功能所必需范围的处置所造成的价值减损承担责任。一件已拆封、已试用的产品仍然在这项权利的覆盖范围内。

“2. The consumer shall only be liable for any diminished value of the goods resulting from the handling of the goods other than what is necessary to establish the nature, characteristics and functioning of the goods.”

14 天寄回，以寄出日期为准

退货最迟在你的撤回声明之后 14 天寄出，而以寄出为准即视为遵守期限。你只承担退回货物的直接费用，而且仅在卖方于购买之前告知过你的情况下才承担。

“1. Unless the trader has offered to collect the goods himself, the consumer shall send back the goods or hand them over to the trader or to a person authorised by the trader to receive the goods, without undue delay and in any event not later than 14 days from the day on which he has communicated his decision to withdraw from the contract to the trader in accordance with Article 11. The deadline shall be met if the consumer sends back the goods before the period of 14 days has expired. The consumer shall only bear the direct cost of returning the goods unless the trader has agreed to bear them or the trader failed to inform the consumer that the consumer has to bear them.”

全部款项，相同方式，14 天

经营者在你撤回之后 14 天内退还收到的全部款项，交付费用也在内，并使用与你初始交易相同的支付方式，除非你明确同意采用其他方式。

“1. The trader shall reimburse all payments received from the consumer, including, if applicable, the costs of delivery without undue delay and in any event not later than 14 days from the day on which he is informed of the consumer's decision to withdraw from the contract in accordance with Article 11. The trader shall carry out the reimbursement referred to in the first subparagraph using the same means of payment as the consumer used for the initial transaction, unless the consumer has expressly agreed otherwise and provided that the consumer does not incur any fees as a result of such reimbursement.”

卖方的沉默把期限延长 12 个月

若经营者没有告知你的撤回权，期限自最初撤回期限结束之时起 12 个月届满。对你的权利闭口不谈的内部政策不会缩短它：它延长它。

“1. If the trader has not provided the consumer with the information on the right of withdrawal as required by point (h) of Article 6(1), the withdrawal period shall expire 12 months from the end of the initial withdrawal period, as determined in accordance with Article 9(2).”

例外情形是条文的，不是卖方的

撤回权有例外情形，而设定它们的是欧盟法。一份退货政策添不了任何一条：任何直接或间接放弃或限制该指令所产生权利的合同条款，对消费者不具约束力，而消费者也不能放弃这些权利。

“If the law applicable to the contract is the law of a Member State, consumers may not waive the rights conferred on them by the national measures transposing this Directive. Any contractual terms which directly or indirectly waive or restrict the rights resulting from this Directive shall not be binding on the consumer.”

格式条款必须公平

经营者使用的格式合同条款必须公平：合同不得在你的权利义务与他们的权利义务之间造成失衡。这项原则既适用于“通用条款”，也同样适用于一份详细的合同。

“Under EU law, standard contract terms used by traders have to be fair. This doesn't change if they're called "terms and conditions" or are part of a detailed contract that you actually have to sign. The contract is not allowed to create an imbalance between your rights and obligations as a consumer and the rights and obligations of sellers and suppliers.”

勾一个方框不是磋商

一项预先拟定、你无法影响其内容的条款，永远被视为未经个别磋商：这就是指令适用的领域。而若经营者声称某项格式条款经过磋商，举证责任在他们。

“2. A term shall always be regarded as not individually negotiated where it has been drafted in advance and the consumer has therefore not been able to influence the substance of the term, particularly in the context of a pre-formulated standard contract. […] Where any seller or supplier claims that a standard term has been individually negotiated, the burden of proof in this respect shall be incumbent on him.”

一份官方清单描述了已知的各种组合

指令附件是一份可被视为不公平的条款的指示性且非穷尽的清单：带遥远截止日期的自动续期、签约前无法知悉的条款、不给解除权的涨价、专属解释权。识别归你，宣告归法院。

“3. The Annex shall contain an indicative and non-exhaustive list of the terms which may be regarded as unfair.”

续期要在付款之前说明

在你受远程合同约束之前，经营者须以清晰易懂的方式提供合同期限，以及在合同自动延长的情况下提供终止合同的条件。关于是否履行该信息告知义务，举证责任在经营者。

“1. Before the consumer is bound by a distance or off-premises contract, or any corresponding offer, the trader shall provide the consumer with the following information in a clear and comprehensible manner: […] (o) the duration of the contract, where applicable, or, if the contract is of indeterminate duration or is to be extended automatically, the conditions for terminating the contract; […] 9. As regards compliance with the information requirements laid down in this Chapter, the burden of proof shall be on the trader.”

清晰是他们的义务，疑义是你的盟友

书面条款必须始终以简明易懂的语言拟定，而对某项条款的含义存在疑义时，对消费者最有利的解释优先。

“In the case of contracts where all or certain terms offered to the consumer are in writing, these terms must always be drafted in plain, intelligible language. Where there is doubt about the meaning of a term, the interpretation most favourable to the consumer shall prevail.”

不公平条款对你不具约束力，合同存续

按本国法的规定，不公平条款对消费者不具约束力，而合同若能在没有这些条款的情况下继续存在，就仍按同样的条款约束双方。你不必在忍受和取消一切之间做选择。

“1. Member States shall lay down that unfair terms used in a contract concluded with a consumer by a seller or supplier shall, as provided for under their national law, not be binding on the consumer and that the contract shall continue to bind the parties upon those terms if it is capable of continuing in existence without the unfair terms.”

有规定的手段来制止这些条款

指令要求各成员国确保存在适当而有效的手段，以阻止不公平条款继续被使用。消费者协会、主管机关、法院：走出一对一的出口，由条文本身来安排。

“1. Member States shall ensure that, in the interests of consumers and of competitors, adequate and effective means exist to prevent the continued use of unfair terms in contracts concluded with consumers by sellers or suppliers.”

定额赔偿，按距离确定

400 欧元

1500 公里以内 250 欧元，欧盟境内超过 1500 公里以及 1500 到 3500 公里之间的其他航班 400 欧元，其余 600 欧元。这一条只认识一个变量，就是距离：票价不进入其中，而关于提前告知的条件住在第 5(1)(c) 条，不在这里。

“Where reference is made to this Article, passengers shall receive compensation amounting to: (a) EUR 250 for all flights of 1500 kilometres or less; (b) EUR 400 for all intra-Community flights of more than 1500 kilometres, and for all other flights between 1500 and 3500 kilometres; (c) EUR 600 for all flights not falling under (a) or (b). In determining the distance, the basis shall be the last destination at which the denial of boarding or cancellation will delay the passenger's arrival after the scheduled time.”

不足 2 周之前被告知，赔偿就应付

除非航空公司在预定起飞时间之前至少 2 周告知你，赔偿都是应付的。在 2 周到 7 天之间，它只有在向你提供的改乘不早于预定时间之前 2 小时起飞、并让你在预定到达时间之后不足 4 小时抵达时才会落空；在不足 7 天时，这个时间窗收紧到之前 1 小时和之后 2 小时。在出发前不足 2 周被告知，你什么都没有失去。

“have the right to compensation by the operating air carrier in accordance with Article 7, unless: (i) they are informed of the cancellation at least two weeks before the scheduled time of departure; or (ii) they are informed of the cancellation between two weeks and seven days before the scheduled time of departure and are offered re-routing, allowing them to depart no more than two hours before the scheduled time of departure and to reach their final destination less than four hours after the scheduled time of arrival; or (iii) they are informed of the cancellation less than seven days before the scheduled time of departure and are offered re-routing, allowing them to depart no more than one hour before the scheduled time of departure and to reach their final destination less than two hours after the scheduled time of arrival.”

在拿回钱和继续出行之间的选择

7 天内退还票款、尽早改乘，或者在你方便的日期改乘。选择的是你，而这个选择不会抹掉你的赔偿。

“Where reference is made to this Article, passengers shall be offered the choice between: […] reimbursement within seven days, by the means provided for in Article 7(3), of the full cost of the ticket at the price at which it was bought […] (b) re-routing, under comparable transport conditions, to their final destination at the earliest opportunity; or (c) re-routing, under comparable transport conditions, to their final destination at a later date at the passenger's convenience, subject to availability of seats.”

等待期间的餐食、酒店和交通

与等待保持合理比例的饮料和餐食、一旦需要过夜就有的酒店，以及前往那家酒店的车程。不收费。

“Where reference is made to this Article, passengers shall be offered free of charge: (a) meals and refreshments in a reasonable relation to the waiting time; (b) hotel accommodation in cases […] where a stay of one or more nights becomes necessary […] (c) transport between the airport and place of accommodation (hotel or other).”

要证明的是航空公司，不是你

证明它告知过你以及在什么时候告知；如果它主张特殊情况，就证明那些特殊情况。只要它什么都没有证明，赔偿就依然应付。

“An operating air carrier shall not be obliged to pay compensation in accordance with Article 7, if it can prove that the cancellation is caused by extraordinary circumstances which could not have been avoided even if all reasonable measures had been taken.”

任何条款都不能让你放弃这些权利

对旅客的义务，不得以运输合同中的条款加以限制或放弃。只有在你签字同意时，代金券才能替代货币。

“Obligations vis-à-vis passengers pursuant to this Regulation may not be limited or waived, notably by a derogation or restrictive clause in the contract of carriage.”

每个国家都有一个可以投诉的本国机构

每个成员国都指定一个负责执行本条例的机构，任何旅客都可以就其境内某个机场发生的违规行为向它投诉。

“Without prejudice to Article 12, each passenger may complain to any body designated under paragraph 1, or to any other competent body designated by a Member State, about an alleged infringement of this Regulation at any airport situated on the territory of a Member State […]”

等待期间吃、喝、打电话

与等待时间保持合理比例的饮料和餐食。同一条第 2 款还加上两次电话或两封电子邮件。不收费，在柜台上一句话就能要。

“Where reference is made to this Article, passengers shall be offered free of charge: (a) meals and refreshments in a reasonable relation to the waiting time; (b) hotel accommodation in cases […] where a stay of one or more nights becomes necessary […] (c) transport between the airport and place of accommodation (hotel or other).”

定额赔偿，按距离确定

250 欧元

1500 公里以内 250 欧元，欧盟境内超过 1500 公里以及 1500 到 3500 公里之间的其他航班 400 欧元，其余 600 欧元。金额既不随票价变化，也不随损失的小时数变化。

“Where reference is made to this Article, passengers shall receive compensation amounting to: (a) EUR 250 for all flights of 1500 kilometres or less; (b) EUR 400 for all intra-Community flights of more than 1500 kilometres, and for all other flights between 1500 and 3500 kilometres; (c) EUR 600 for all flights not falling under (a) or (b).”

延误 5 小时起可以放弃航班

起飞延误达到 5 小时时，退还票款成为一项权利。出行仍然是你的选择；它不再是义务。

“(iii) when the delay is at least five hours, the assistance specified in Article 8(1)(a).”

证明其特殊情况是航空公司的事

而且要用点名的文件来证明：飞行记录簿摘录、事件报告。这些文件应当交给有关的本国执行机构，也应当交给相关旅客。

“If you arrived at your final destination with a delay of 3 hours or more, you are entitled to compensation, unless the delay was due to extraordinary circumstances. The airline has to prove this by providing, for example, extracts from logbooks or incident reports.”

他们合同里的任何条款都不能让你放弃这一点

对旅客的义务，不得以运输合同中的例外约定或限制性条款加以限制或放弃。接受过通用条款改变不了任何事。

“Obligations vis-à-vis passengers pursuant to this Regulation may not be limited or waived, notably by a derogation or restrictive clause in the contract of carriage.”

每个国家都有一个可以去找的本国机构

每个成员国都指定一个，任何旅客都可以就其境内某个机场发生的违规行为向它投诉。

“Without prejudice to Article 12, each passenger may complain to any body designated under paragraph 1, or to any other competent body designated by a Member State, about an alleged infringement of this Regulation at any airport situated on the territory of a Member State […]”

责任由一份条文管辖，不由一次善意表示管辖

共同体航空承运人对旅客及其行李的责任，受《蒙特利尔公约》中与此种责任有关的全部规定管辖。衡量应当给你什么的尺度住在那里，不住在一次善意表示里。

“1. The liability of a Community air carrier in respect of passengers and their baggage shall be governed by all provisions of the Montreal Convention relevant to such liability.”

书面投诉，尽快提出

行李损坏、延误、丢失或毁灭时，投诉以书面形式向承运人提出，尽快提出。应用通知不是投诉：算数的痕迹，是你写下并注明日期的那一份。

“If the baggage is damaged, delayed, lost or destroyed, the passenger must write and complain to the air carrier as soon as possible. In the case of damage to checked baggage, the passenger must write and complain within seven days, and in the case of delay within 21 days, in both cases from the date on which the baggage was placed at the passenger's disposal.”

两个短期限，自行李归还起算

7 天和 21 天

按欧盟官方页面：行李丢失或损坏，在 7 天内书面寄给航空公司；行李延误，则自收到行李起 21 天内。欧盟范围内没有统一的表格：一封清楚的信件就够了。

“If you want to file a claim for lost or damaged luggage, you should do it in writing to the airline within 7 days, or within 21 days of receiving your luggage if it was delayed. There is no standard EU-wide form.”

延误造成的损害要予以赔偿

行李延误时，承运人对损害承担责任，除非它已采取一切合理措施以避免损害，或者采取这些措施属不可能。你必需品支出的收据为等待给你造成的代价标了日期，也量了大小。

“In case of baggage delay, the air carrier is liable for damage unless it took all reasonable measures to avoid the damage or it was impossible to take such measures.”

托运行李即使无过错也构成责任

对托运行李，承运人即使没有过错也要承担责任，除非行李本身有缺陷。对客舱里的非托运行李，只有在有过错时才承担责任。

“In the case of checked baggage, it is liable even if not at fault, unless the baggage was defective. In the case of unchecked baggage, the carrier is liable only if at fault.”

一个限额，以及提高它的那件写明的工具

责任是有限的，而条文提供了工具：一份特别声明，最迟在办理登机手续时作出并支付附加费，就能为你的行李提高限额。该限额的现行数额要在官方页面上核对：本卷宗有意不在此处显示任何数字。

“A passenger can benefit from a higher liability limit by making a special declaration at the latest at check-in and by paying a supplementary fee.”

两家航空公司，两扇有效的门

若实际执飞航班的承运人不是缔约承运人，投诉或索赔可以向其中任一方提出。机票上所载的名称或代码指定缔约承运人。

“If the air carrier actually performing the flight is not the same as the contracting air carrier, the passenger has the right to address a complaint or to make a claim for damages against either. If the name or code of an air carrier is indicated on the ticket, that air carrier is the contracting air carrier.”

上法院有 2 年

任何请求损害赔偿的诉讼，须自飞机到达之日起，或者自它本应到达之日起 2 年内提起。商业信函臆造出来的期限，替代不了条文的期限。

“Any action in court to claim damages must be brought within two years from the date of arrival of the aircraft, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived.”

三个选项，而挑选的是你

一旦取消在到达时造成 60 分钟或以上的损失：全额退还票款，或者尽早改乘，或者在你方便的日期改乘。公司必须立即提供这些选项，并作出必要的安排。

“Where it is reasonably to be expected, either at departure or in the event of a missed connection or a cancellation, that arrival at the final destination under the transport contract will be subject to a delay of 60 minutes or more, the railway undertaking operating the delayed or cancelled service shall immediately offer the passenger the choice between one of the following options, and shall make the necessary arrangements: (a) reimbursement of the full cost of the ticket, under the conditions by which it was paid, for the part or parts of his or her journey not made […] (b) continuation or re-routing, under comparable transport conditions, to the final destination at the earliest opportunity; (c) continuation or re-routing, under comparable transport conditions, to the final destination at a later date at the passenger's convenience.”

吃、喝，必要时由他们承担住宿

与等待时间保持合理比例的餐食和饮料。若必须就地过夜，则有酒店或其他住宿，以及车站与住宿之间的交通。不收费，自延误 60 分钟起或者在取消的情形下。

“Where the delay referred to in paragraph 1 amounts to 60 minutes or more, or the service is cancelled, the railway undertaking operating the delayed or cancelled service shall offer the passengers the following, free of charge: (a) meals and refreshments in reasonable relation to the waiting time […] (b) hotel or other accommodation, and transport between the railway station and place of accommodation, in cases where a stay of one or more nights becomes necessary or an additional stay becomes necessary, where and when physically possible.”

沉默 100 分钟之后，行程由你自己安排

如果改乘方案没有在预定发车时间起 100 分钟内告知你，你就在没有他们同意的情况下，与另一家铁路、长途客车或公共汽车的公共交通服务提供者订约。他们报销必要、适当且合理的费用。

“Where the available re-routing options are not communicated to the passenger within 100 minutes from the scheduled departure time of the delayed or cancelled service or the missed connection, the passenger shall be entitled to conclude such a contract with other providers of public transport services by rail, coach or bus. The railway undertaking shall reimburse the passenger for the necessary, appropriate and reasonable costs that he or she incurs.”

赔偿是票价的一个百分比

50%

延误 60 到 119 分钟，票价的 25%；自 120 分钟起，50%。这些是最低标准。它是应付的，而你不会因此丧失运输权利，并且按为被延误的那项服务实际支付的价格计算。

“Without losing the right of transport, a passenger is entitled to compensation for delays from the railway undertaking if he or she is facing a delay between the places of departure and final destination stated in the ticket or through-ticket for which the cost has not been reimbursed in accordance with Article 18. The minimum compensation for delays shall be as follows: (a) 25 % of the ticket price for a delay of 60 to 119 minutes; (b) 50 % of the ticket price for a delay of 120 minutes or more.”

代金券只有在你接受时才值点什么

退款只有在代金券的条件足够灵活并且旅客同意接受时，才可以采取代金券的形式。它在 30 天内支付，不得因诸如手续费、电话费或邮票之类的金融交易费用而被削减。

“The reimbursements referred to in point (a) of paragraph 1 and in paragraph 3 shall be paid within 30 days after the receipt of the request. […] The reimbursement may take the form of vouchers and/or the provision of other services provided that the terms of those vouchers and/or services are sufficiently flexible, in particular regarding the validity period and destination, and that the passenger agrees to accept those vouchers and/or services. The reimbursement of the ticket price shall not be reduced by financial transaction costs such as fees, telephone costs or stamps.”

他们自己员工的罢工不是特殊情况

条例明确把铁路运营企业员工的罢工，以及基础设施管理者和车站管理者的行为，排除在第 (c) 项所指的免责之外。而当特殊情况是真实的，它打掉的只有赔偿：退款、改乘和协助仍然应当给。

“A railway undertaking shall not be obliged to pay compensation if it can prove that the delay, missed connection or cancellation was caused directly by, or was inherently linked with: (a) extraordinary circumstances not connected with the operation of the railway, such as extreme weather conditions, major natural disasters or major public health crises […] Strikes by the personnel of the railway undertaking, acts or omissions by another undertaking using the same railway infrastructure and acts or omissions of the infrastructure and station managers are not covered by the exemption referred to in point (c) of the first subparagraph.”

一个可以去找的本国机构，连它的期限一起

先向公司投诉，公司须在 1 个月内给出附理由的答复。然后，自拒绝起 3 个月内，向颁发其许可的本国机构提出投诉。它在 3 个月内处理该案，复杂的 6 个月，并出具一份不具约束力的法律意见。

“to the railway company, who must reply within 1 month with a reasoned reply. In duly justified cases, the railway company may reply within 3 months. […] If you did get a reply from the railway company but were not satisfied, you can also complain to the relevant national authority in your country within 3 months of the rejection of your complaint by the railway company. You should address your complaint to the national authority that granted the railway company's licence. The national authority's complaint-handling procedure should take a maximum of 3 months (or six months for complex cases). The national authority should provide you with a non-binding legal opinion on how to proceed with your claim.”

一项获得删除的权利，以及一项删除的义务

条文在同一句话里朝两个方向走：你有权获得删除，不得无故拖延；数据控制者有义务删除，不得无故拖延；只要清单上的理由有一条适用即可。前两条很平常：数据对于其目的已不再必要，或者你撤回处理所依据的同意。

“1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data concerning him or her without undue delay and the controller shall have the obligation to erase personal data without undue delay where one of the following grounds applies: (a) the personal data are no longer necessary in relation to the purposes for which they were collected or otherwise processed; (b) the data subject withdraws consent on which the processing is based […] and where there is no other legal ground for the processing; […] (d) the personal data have been unlawfully processed;”

在删除之前，先要一份他们所持有的全部数据的副本

确认与你有关的数据是否正在被处理、访问这些数据，以及一份正在被处理的数据的副本。连同目的、数据类别和接收方一起。只有在再要一份副本时，才可以收取合理的费用。

“1. The data subject shall have the right to obtain from the controller confirmation as to whether or not personal data concerning him or her are being processed, and, where that is the case, access to the personal data and the following information: (a) the purposes of the processing; (b) the categories of personal data concerned; (c) the recipients or categories of recipient to whom the personal data have been or will be disclosed, in particular recipients in third countries or international organisations; […] 3. The controller shall provide a copy of the personal data undergoing processing. For any further copies requested by the data subject, the controller may charge a reasonable fee based on administrative costs.”

被两个词围住的身份核查

只有在对你的身份存有合理怀疑时，他们才可以索要补充信息，而且只能索要确认身份所必需的信息。两个条件，而不是一张要交出去的文件清单。

“6. Without prejudice to Article 11, where the controller has reasonable doubts concerning the identity of the natural person making the request referred to in Articles 15 to 21, the controller may request the provision of additional information necessary to confirm the identity of the data subject.”

不需要付款，而滥用的举证在他们

依第 15 条至第 22 条采取的行动应当免费提供。例外很窄：明显无根据或过分的请求，尤其是重复的请求。而且由数据控制者承担证明该性质的责任。

“5. Information provided under Articles 13 and 14 and any communication and any actions taken under Articles 15 to 22 and 34 shall be provided free of charge. Where requests from a data subject are manifestly unfounded or excessive, in particular because of their repetitive character, the controller may either: (a) charge a reasonable fee taking into account the administrative costs of providing the information or communication or taking the action requested; or (b) refuse to act on the request. The controller shall bear the burden of demonstrating the manifestly unfounded or excessive character of the request.”

1 个月，而计时从他们的回执开始

1 个月

这一期间自收到请求起算。在必要时，考虑到请求的复杂性和数量，它可以再延长 2 个月，前提是延长以及延迟的理由已在第一个月内告知你。

“3. The controller shall provide information on action taken on a request under Articles 15 to 22 to the data subject without undue delay and in any event within one month of receipt of the request. That period may be extended by two further months where necessary, taking into account the complexity and number of the requests. The controller shall inform the data subject of any such extension within one month of receipt of the request, together with the reasons for the delay.”

拒绝必须说明理由，并告诉你去哪里

如果他们不采取行动，他们应当不加拖延、且最迟在 1 个月内，把不采取行动的理由，以及向监管机构提出投诉和寻求司法救济的可能性告知你。沉默一个条件也不满足。

“4. If the controller does not take action on the request of the data subject, the controller shall inform the data subject without delay and at the latest within one month of receipt of the request of the reasons for not taking action and on the possibility of lodging a complaint with a supervisory authority and seeking a judicial remedy.”

删除要告知那些接收过你数据的对象

数据控制者应当把删除告知每一个被披露过数据的接收方，除非此举被证明不可能或者要付出不成比例的努力。而且，如果你提出请求，它应当把这些接收方告知你。

“The controller shall communicate any rectification or erasure of personal data or restriction of processing carried out in accordance with Article 16, Article 17(1) and Article 18 to each recipient to whom the personal data have been disclosed, unless this proves impossible or involves disproportionate effort. The controller shall inform the data subject about those recipients if the data subject requests it.”

一项在你居住的地方提出的投诉

向监管机构提出，尤其是向你惯常居所、工作地或者被指称的违规行为发生地所在成员国的监管机构提出。该机构此后会把进展和结果告知你，包括司法救济的可能性。

“1. Without prejudice to any other administrative or judicial remedy, every data subject shall have the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, in particular in the Member State of his or her habitual residence, place of work or place of the alleged infringement if the data subject considers that the processing of personal data relating to him or her infringes this Regulation. 2. The supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged shall inform the complainant on the progress and the outcome of the complaint including the possibility of a judicial remedy pursuant to Article 78.”

泄露不只是一次入侵

个人数据泄露涵盖毁坏、丢失、篡改、未经授权的披露或者未经授权的访问，无论是意外的还是不法的。一次内部失误或者一台丢失的笔记本电脑，与一次攻击同样符合这个定义。

“‘personal data breach’ means a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed;”

风险高时直接得到告知

当泄露可能对你的权利和自由造成高风险时，数据控制者要针对你个人把它告知你，不得无故拖延。那封告知邮件是一项义务，不是一次商业上的表示。

“1. When the personal data breach is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons, the controller shall communicate the personal data breach to the data subject without undue delay.”

最低内容，用简明易懂的语言

告知要描述泄露的性质，并且至少包含一个可以获得更多信息的联络点、可能的后果，以及已采取或拟采取的措施。缺失的东西可以拿来主张。

“2. The communication to the data subject referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article shall describe in clear and plain language the nature of the personal data breach and contain at least the information and measures referred to in points (b), (c) and (d) of Article 33(3).”

72 小时：计时朝着机构走

72 小时

向监管机构发出的通知应当给出，不得无故拖延，并且在可行的情况下不迟于知悉之后 72 小时；超过这个时间，它必须带上延迟的理由。给你的那份告知没有数字：一旦风险很高，它就应当给出，不得无故拖延。

“1. In the case of a personal data breach, the controller shall without undue delay and, where feasible, not later than 72 hours after having become aware of it, notify the personal data breach to the supervisory authority competent in accordance with Article 55, unless the personal data breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons. Where the notification to the supervisory authority is not made within 72 hours, it shall be accompanied by reasons for the delay.”

机构可以命令他们提醒你

如果公司没有给你写信，监管机构可以考量该泄露是否带有高风险，然后要求作出针对个人的告知，或者认定某个写明的例外适用。最后一句话不属于那份公开声明。

“4. If the controller has not already communicated the personal data breach to the data subject, the supervisory authority, having considered the likelihood of the personal data breach resulting in a high risk, may require it to do so or may decide that any of the conditions referred to in paragraph 3 are met.”

一项在你居住的地方提出的投诉

向监管机构提出，尤其是向你惯常居所、工作地或者违规行为发生地所在成员国的监管机构提出。该机构此后会把进展和结果告知你，包括司法救济的可能性。

“1. Without prejudice to any other administrative or judicial remedy, every data subject shall have the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, in particular in the Member State of his or her habitual residence, place of work or place of the alleged infringement if the data subject considers that the processing of personal data relating to him or her infringes this Regulation. 2. The supervisory authority with which the complaint has been lodged shall inform the complainant on the progress and the outcome of the complaint including the possibility of a judicial remedy pursuant to Article 78.”

一整款专门给直接营销

第 21 条把直接营销单独处理：你可以在任何时候对为那些目的处理你数据提出反对，包括相关的用户画像。相邻的一款对其他种类的处理要求与你特定处境有关的理由；直接营销那一款一条也不要求。

“2. Where personal data are processed for direct marketing purposes, the data subject shall have the right to object at any time to processing of personal data concerning him or her for such marketing, which includes profiling to the extent that it is related to such direct marketing.”

停止直接来自反对本身

一旦你提出反对，数据便不得再为直接营销目的而被处理。条文不给宽限期、不给利益衡量、不给正当利益的例外：那句话就在那里结束，而它对服务于同一目的的每一个渠道都成立。

“3. Where the data subject objects to processing for direct marketing purposes, the personal data shall no longer be processed for such purposes.”

一项他们必须向你呈现、而不是对你隐藏的权利

最迟在第一次通信时，反对权必须被明确提请你注意，并且清晰地、与任何其他信息分开地呈现。那是数据控制者的一项义务，不是界面上的一份客气。

“4. At the latest at the time of the first communication with the data subject, the right referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be explicitly brought to the attention of the data subject and shall be presented clearly and separately from any other information.”

一份可以由机器传递的反对

在使用信息社会服务的情形下，反对权可以通过使用技术规范的自动化手段来行使。因此，一项设置或者一个技术信号就可以承载你的反对：条文明明白白地作了规定。

“5. In the context of the use of information society services, and notwithstanding Directive 2002/58/EC, the data subject may exercise his or her right to object by automated means using technical specifications.”

这一系列里每一项权利共用的日历

1 个月

就依第 15 条至第 22 条提出的请求所采取的行动，告知应当给出，不得无故拖延，且最迟在收到之后 1 个月。最多可以再延长 2 个月，条件是延长连同理由在第一个月内被宣告。

“3. The controller shall provide information on action taken on a request under Articles 15 to 22 to the data subject without undue delay and in any event within one month of receipt of the request. That period may be extended by two further months where necessary, taking into account the complexity and number of the requests. The controller shall inform the data subject of any such extension within one month of receipt of the request, together with the reasons for the delay.”

一项在你居住的地方提出的投诉

向监管机构提出，尤其是在你惯常居所、工作地或者被指称的违规行为发生地所在的成员国，只要你认为该处理违反条例即可。官方页面写明，该机构在 3 个月内答复。

“1. Without prejudice to any other administrative or judicial remedy, every data subject shall have the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, in particular in the Member State of his or her habitual residence, place of work or place of the alleged infringement if the data subject considers that the processing of personal data relating to him or her infringes this Regulation.”

一份有官方定义的同意

自由作出的、具体的、知情的、不含歧义的意愿表示，通过一项声明或者一项明确的肯定性行为作出。每一个词都是一个条件：继续使用一项服务既不是不含歧义的，也不是一项对某一确切处理行为说“是”的行为。

“‘consent' of the data subject means any freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject's wishes by which he or she, by a statement or by a clear affirmative action, signifies agreement to the processing of personal data relating to him or her;”

在你作出决定之前就欠你的信息

在你表示任何同意之前，别人应当告知你你的数据将被用于什么、会被保存多久、谁会收到它们，以及你有哪些权利，包括撤回同意。所有这些都要以清楚易懂的方式呈现。

“You should also be given the following information before you decide to opt in: […] the reason why the company/organisation will use your personal data […] how long they intend to keep your personal data […] details of any other company/organisation that will receive your personal data […] information on your data protection rights (access, correction, deletion, complaint, withdrawal of consent) […] All this information should be presented in a clear and understandable way.”

必须与其余部分分开呈现的请求

塞进一份处理其他事项的文件里时，同意请求必须与这些事项明显可区分、易懂且易于获取，并且使用简明易懂的语言。而该文件中违反条例的任何部分不具约束力。

“2. If the data subject's consent is given in the context of a written declaration which also concerns other matters, the request for consent shall be presented in a manner which is clearly distinguishable from the other matters, in an intelligible and easily accessible form, using clear and plain language. Any part of such a declaration which constitutes an infringement of this Regulation shall not be binding.”

同意的自由性会被评估，而压力是算数的

在评估同意是否自由给出时，必须最大程度地考虑该服务是否以一项其履行并不需要的同意为条件。一条切断服务的威胁不是一种商业说法：它是一份证据材料。

“4. When assessing whether consent is freely given, utmost account shall be taken of whether, inter alia, the performance of a contract, including the provision of a service, is conditional on consent to the processing of personal data that is not necessary for the performance of that contract.”

与同意一样容易的撤回

你有权在任何时候撤回你的同意，在你给出同意之前就应当有人告知你这一点，而且撤回必须和给出一样容易。进来时的一下点击，不会在出去时变成一封挂号信。

“3. The data subject shall have the right to withdraw his or her consent at any time. The withdrawal of consent shall not affect the lawfulness of processing based on consent before its withdrawal. Prior to giving consent, the data subject shall be informed thereof. It shall be as easy to withdraw as to give consent.”

证明同意是他们的举证责任

在处理以同意为依据的情形下，数据控制者必须能够证明你已经同意。一行只作宣称、不出示动作、日期或者事先信息告知的记录，什么也证明不了。

“1. Where processing is based on consent, the controller shall be able to demonstrate that the data subject has consented to processing of his or her personal data.”

一项在你居住的地方提出的投诉

向监管机构提出，尤其是在你惯常居所、工作地或者被指称的违规行为发生地所在的成员国，只要你认为该处理违反条例即可。

“1. Without prejudice to any other administrative or judicial remedy, every data subject shall have the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, in particular in the Member State of his or her habitual residence, place of work or place of the alleged infringement if the data subject considers that the processing of personal data relating to him or her infringes this Regulation.”

你的套餐按国内价格同行

在欧盟境内漫游期间，对拨出或接收的通话、短信和流量，在国内零售价格之上不加任何附加费，在国外启用服务也不收一般性的费用。唯一的保留是条例第 5 条和第 6 条，而它们本身也被牢牢框住。

“1. Roaming providers shall not levy any surcharge in addition to the domestic retail price on roaming customers in any Member State for any regulated roaming calls made or received, for any regulated roaming SMS messages sent or for any regulated data roaming services used, nor shall they levy any general charge to enable the terminal equipment or service to be used abroad, subject to Articles 5 and 6.”

合理使用政策必须尊重你的套餐

合理使用政策的存在是为了防止滥用，例如长期靠另一个国家的 SIM 卡生活。但它必须使你能够按国内价格使用与你的资费套餐相称的量：它圈住的是滥用，不是你的假期。

“1. Roaming providers may apply in accordance with this Article and the implementing acts adopted pursuant to Article 7 a fair use policy to the consumption of regulated retail roaming services provided at the applicable domestic retail price level, in order to prevent abusive or anomalous usage of regulated retail roaming services by roaming customers, such as the use of such services by roaming customers in a Member State other than that of their domestic provider for purposes other than periodic travel. Any fair use policy shall enable the roaming provider's customers to consume volumes of regulated retail roaming services at the applicable domestic retail price that are consistent with their respective tariff plans.”

每一道边界上的信息消息

在进入另一个成员国时，运营商免费且不无故迟延地向你发出一条自动消息，附上基本的个人化信息：你的资费、你的合理使用政策、超出之后的费用。它是任何纠纷中你的基准证据材料。

“1. To alert roaming customers to the fact that they will be subject to roaming charges when making or receiving a call or when sending an SMS message, each roaming provider shall, except when the customers have notified the roaming provider that they do not require this service, provide the customers, by means of an automatic message, without undue delay and free of charge, when they enter a Member State other than that of their domestic provider, with basic personalised pricing information on the roaming charges, including VAT, that apply to the making and receiving of calls and to the sending of SMS messages by that customer in the visited Member State.”

防止账单失控的保障限额

50 欧元

一个默认的金额限额，接近但不超过每月计费周期内 50 欧元的未结费用，不含增值税，适用于每一位没有另作选择的客户。在 80% 时一次提醒，超出之前一次通知，而如果你不回复，运营商立即停止提供并停止计费。它不是价格：它是一张网。

“One of those limits (the default financial limit) shall be close to, but not exceed, EUR 50 of outstanding charges per monthly billing period, excluding VAT. […] Each roaming provider shall also ensure that an appropriate notification is sent directly to the roaming customer's mobile device, for example by an SMS message, an email, means of a text message or a pop-up window on the computer, when the data roaming services have reached 80 % of the agreed financial or volume limit. […] If the roaming customer does not respond as prompted in the notification received, the roaming provider shall immediately cease to provide and to charge the roaming customer for regulated data roaming services, unless and until the roaming customer requests the continued or renewed provision of those services.”

没有通知就没有合理使用附加费

当对应合理使用的量被完全用尽时，运营商发出一份通知，写明对任何进一步用量适用的附加费。一笔直接出现在账单上、而那份提醒并不存在的附加费，跳过了一个写明的步骤。

“3. The roaming provider shall send a notification when the applicable fair use volume of regulated data roaming service is fully consumed or any usage threshold applied in accordance with Article 6 is reached. That notification shall indicate the surcharge that will be applied to any additional consumption of regulated data roaming services by the roaming customer.”

分两步的投诉，两步都是书面的

先是运营商，通过它的投诉程序。然后，如果答复不能让你满意，就是你所在国家的相关监管机构，由它们处理你的案件。任何地方都不要求最低金额。

“If you think your service provider has not respected your rights, you should contact your operator and use the complaint procedure in place. If you are not satisfied with their response you can contact the relevant national regulatory authorities in your country, usually your national telecoms regulator, who will handle your case.”

由你选择的网站版本

因与你的国籍或居住地有关的理由封锁或限制你访问在线界面，是被禁止的；把你重定向到另一个版本，须经你明示同意。即便是在你同意之下被重定向，你原本想去的那个版本也必须始终方便可及。

“2. A trader shall not, for reasons related to a customer's nationality, place of residence or place of establishment, redirect that customer to a version of the trader's online interface that is different from the online interface to which the customer initially sought access […] unless the customer has explicitly consented to such redirection. In the event of redirection with the customer's explicit consent, the version of the trader's online interface to which the customer initially sought access shall remain easily accessible to that customer.”

在写明的情形里，与本地客户相同的条件

购买配送到经营者提供配送的成员国的货物，或者在约定地点自提的货物，一般准入条件不得因你的国籍、居住地或设立地而不同。当地自提就是打开本地价格的那把钥匙。

“1. A trader shall not apply different general conditions of access to goods or services, for reasons related to a customer's nationality, place of residence or place of establishment, where the customer seeks to: (a) buy goods from a trader and either those goods are delivered to a location in a Member State to which the trader offers delivery in the general conditions of access or those goods are collected at a location agreed upon between the trader and the customer in a Member State in which the trader offers such an option in the general conditions of access;”

不会因地理位置而被取消资格的支付

在它所接受的支付方式之内，只要交易以电子方式进行、认证已完成、币种也在接受之列，经营者就不得因你的国籍、你的居住地、你的账户所在地、你的支付服务提供者，或者你的卡在欧盟境内的发行地而适用不同的条件。

“1. A trader shall not, within the range of means of payment accepted by the trader, apply, for reasons related to a customer's nationality, place of residence or place of establishment, the location of the payment account, the place of establishment of the payment service provider or the place of issue of the payment instrument within the Union, different conditions for a payment transaction, where: (a) the payment transaction is made through an electronic transaction by credit transfer, direct debit or a card-based payment instrument within the same payment brand and category; (b) authentication requirements are fulfilled pursuant to Directive (EU) 2015/2366; and (c) the payment transactions are in a currency that the trader accepts.”

线上服务和场所内服务：按本地价格

以电子方式提供的服务，例如云服务或网站托管，以及在经营者场所消费的服务，游乐园、酒店、租车：你有权获得与本地买家相同的价格。

“The same rules apply when you buy services provided at the trader's premises, for example when you buy entry tickets for an amusement park, book a hotel, rent a car, or when you buy electronically supplied services (such as cloud services or website hosting), you are entitled to have access to the same prices as local buyers.”

每个国家都有一个实际协助机构

每个成员国指定一个或多个机构，负责在因本条例而与经营者产生的纠纷中向消费者提供实际协助。跨境纠纷是条文预先安排好的，连受理窗口一起。

“Each Member State shall designate a body or bodies responsible for providing practical assistance to consumers in the case of a dispute between a consumer and a trader arising from the application of this Regulation.”

执行机构，以及具有威慑力的措施

每个成员国指定负责本条例充分而有效执行的机构，并针对违规行为规定有效、适度且具有威慑力的措施。一份有据可查的举报，正是喂养它们的东西。

“1. Each Member State shall designate a body or bodies responsible for adequate and effective enforcement of this Regulation. 2. Member States shall lay down the rules setting out the measures applicable to infringements of the provisions of this Regulation and shall ensure that they are implemented. The measures provided for shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.”

你付费的订阅，以与在家里相同的方式

在临时处于另一个成员国时，你以与在你的居住成员国相同的方式访问并使用你付费的在线内容服务：相同的内容、相同范围和数量的设备、相同数量的用户、相同的功能。

“1. The provider of an online content service provided against payment of money shall enable a subscriber who is temporarily present in a Member State to access and use the online content service in the same manner as in the Member State of residence, including by providing access to the same content, on the same range and number of devices, for the same number of users and with the same range of functionalities.”

出行不加任何额外费用

提供者不得为临时停留期间对服务的访问和使用收取任何额外费用。任何嫁接在付费订阅上的付费“旅行选项”都与这一款相冲突。

“2. The provider shall not impose any additional charges on the subscriber for the access to and the use of the online content service pursuant to paragraph 1.”

你的使用被视为发生在家里

临时停留期间服务的提供、对它的访问以及对它的使用，均被视为仅发生在你的居住成员国。这就是那项让地域许可论点失效的法律拟制。

“The provision of an online content service under this Regulation to a subscriber who is temporarily present in a Member State, as well as the access to and the use of that service by the subscriber, shall be deemed to occur solely in the subscriber's Member State of residence.”

不得被故意压低的质量

提供者不得在临时停留期间采取任何行动降低提供质量。可以变的是你当地的连接，绝不是他们那一侧的某个设置。

“The provider shall not take any action to reduce the quality of delivery of the online content service when providing the online content service in accordance with paragraph 1.”

上限为两种手段的居住地核验

对居住成员国的核验使用不超过两种手段，从条例写明的清单里挑选，而这些手段必须合理、适度且有效。什么信息都拒绝提供，自有它的代价：核验无法进行时，可携带性就不再是欠你的。

“At the conclusion and upon the renewal of a contract for the provision of an online content service provided against payment of money, the provider shall verify the Member State of residence of the subscriber by using not more than two of the following means of verification and shall ensure that the means used are reasonable, proportionate and effective:”

相冲突的条款不可执行，含天数配额

与条例相冲突的一切合同约定都不可执行，包括提供者与权利人之间的约定，尤其是那些禁止可携带性或者把它限制在特定时间段内的约定。条例本身没有设任何天数。

“Any contractual provisions, including those between providers of online content services and holders of copyright or related rights or those holding any other rights in the content of online content services, as well as those between such providers and their subscribers, which are contrary to this Regulation, including those which prohibit cross-border portability of online content services or limit such portability to a specific time period, shall be unenforceable.”

一套简便的电子举报机制

托管服务提供者设立机制，让任何个人都可以举报自己认为违法的内容：易于访问、便于使用，只通过电子方式。举报表单是法定渠道，不是一个意见箱。

“1. Providers of hosting services shall put mechanisms in place to allow any individual or entity to notify them of the presence on their service of specific items of information that the individual or entity considers to be illegal content. Those mechanisms shall be easy to access and user-friendly, and shall allow for the submission of notices exclusively by electronic means.”

先一份回执，然后是一份带着救济途径的决定

如果你的举报带上你的电子联系方式，托管服务提供者就要不加无故拖延地向你发出一份收到确认，然后把它对被举报内容的决定告知你，并告知你针对该决定的救济途径。

“4. Where the notice contains the electronic contact information of the individual or entity that submitted it, the provider of hosting services shall, without undue delay, send a confirmation of receipt of the notice to that individual or entity. 5. The provider shall also, without undue delay, notify that individual or entity of its decision in respect of the information to which the notice relates, providing information on the possibilities for redress in respect of that decision.”

及时、勤勉、非任意且客观的处理

条例没有设定任何数字化的期限，也不该去臆造一个：它加的是一种可以主张的处理方式，以及告知你该决定是否借助了自动化手段的义务。

“6. Providers of hosting services shall process any notices that they receive under the mechanisms referred to in paragraph 1 and take their decisions in respect of the information to which the notices relate, in a timely, diligent, non-arbitrary and objective manner. Where they use automated means for that processing or decision-making, they shall include information on such use in the notification referred to in paragraph 5.”

一项免费的内部投诉，至少开放 6 个月

在线平台提供者开放一套内部投诉处理系统，包括向提交过举报的人开放：电子化、免费，在决定之后至少 6 个月内可用。如果投诉表明拒绝采取行动没有根据，该决定就要不加无故拖延地被撤销。

“1. Providers of online platforms shall provide recipients of the service, including individuals or entities that have submitted a notice, for a period of at least six months following the decision referred to in this paragraph, with access to an effective internal complaint-handling system that enables them to lodge complaints, electronically and free of charge, against the decision taken by the provider of the online platform upon the receipt of a notice […]”

投诉的决定在有资质的人监督下作出

对你投诉作出的决定，应当在具备适当资质的工作人员监督下作出，而不得仅仅依靠自动化手段。一次由机器生成的拒绝从来说不了最后一句话。

“6. Providers of online platforms shall ensure that the decisions, referred to in paragraph 5, are taken under the supervision of appropriately qualified staff, and not solely on the basis of automated means.”

选择一家经认证的非诉讼纠纷解决机构

举报的人可以选择任何一家经协调员认证的机构来解决纠纷，包括内部投诉什么也没解决的情形。认证要求公正与独立；界限同样是写明的：该机构不能强加有约束力的解决方案。

“1. Recipients of the service, including individuals or entities that have submitted notices, addressed by the decisions referred to in Article 20(1) shall be entitled to select any out-of-court dispute settlement body that has been certified in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article in order to resolve disputes relating to those decisions, including complaints that have not been resolved by means of the internal complaint-handling system referred to in that Article.”

一项向你自己国家协调员提出的投诉

你有权以违反条例为由，针对中介服务提供者向你所在成员国的数字服务协调员提出投诉。它进行评估，在适当的情况下转交给设立地的协调员，而你有权被听取意见并被告知情况。

“Recipients of the service and any body, organisation or association mandated to exercise the rights conferred by this Regulation on their behalf shall have the right to lodge a complaint against providers of intermediary services alleging an infringement of this Regulation with the Digital Services Coordinator of the Member State where the recipient of the service is located or established. The Digital Services Coordinator shall assess the complaint and, where appropriate, transmit it to the Digital Services Coordinator of establishment, accompanied, where considered appropriate, by an opinion.”

一张不花钱的卡，由你的医保机构签发

欧洲健康保险卡向你的医保机构免费申请，它证明你在一个欧盟国家参加了保险。那些为它收费的网站，卖的是一份免费的表格。

“If you have health insurance in an EU country, you can ask your insurer for a European Health Insurance Card (EHIC), free of charge. […] The card is proof that you are insured in an EU country.”

停留期间变得必需的医疗，不必等到回程

在另一个成员国停留期间，你有权获得因医疗原因而变得必需的实物给付，同时考虑给付的性质和预计的停留时长。判断标准是等不了，不是生命受到威胁的急症。

“Unless otherwise provided for by paragraph 2, an insured person and the members of his/her family staying in a Member State other than the competent Member State shall be entitled to the benefits in kind which become necessary on medical grounds during their stay, taking into account the nature of the benefits and the expected length of the stay. These benefits shall be provided on behalf of the competent institution by the institution of the place of stay, in accordance with the provisions of the legislation it applies, as though the persons concerned were insured under the said legislation.”

为你治疗那个国家的被保险人所适用的费率

给付由停留地经办机构按其适用的立法提供，如同你就是依该立法参加保险的人。当地人免费的地方就免费，当地人付患者自付费的地方就付。

“Unless otherwise provided for by paragraph 2, an insured person and the members of his/her family staying in a Member State other than the competent Member State shall be entitled to the benefits in kind which become necessary on medical grounds during their stay, taking into account the nature of the benefits and the expected length of the stay. These benefits shall be provided on behalf of the competent institution by the institution of the place of stay, in accordance with the provisions of the legislation it applies, as though the persons concerned were insured under the said legislation.”

在当地或者回家后申请的报销

如果你付了钱，可以在停留期间向停留地经办机构申请报销，在其费率的限额和条件范围内，也可以回家后转向你自己的医保机构。收据是两条路共有的文件。

“4. If the insured person has actually borne the costs of all or part of the benefits in kind provided within the framework of Article 19 of the basic Regulation and if the legislation applied by the institution of the place of stay enables reimbursement of those costs to an insured person, he may send an application for reimbursement to the institution of the place of stay. In that case, that institution shall reimburse directly to that person the amount of the costs corresponding to those benefits within the limits of and under the conditions of the reimbursement rates laid down in its legislation.”

出发之前该知道的三项写明的排除

这张卡不涵盖私立医疗，不涵盖在另一个国家的计划性治疗，也不涵盖救援和遣送回国，那些需要单独的保险。三句官方的话，避开三次糟糕的意外。

“Your EHIC will not help you with rescue and repatriation - for transport home after falling seriously ill or after having an accident while visiting another EU country, you will need separate insurance cover. […] Your EHIC does not cover private healthcare. You can only use it for healthcare from providers that are part of the public system. […] Your EHIC does not cover planned treatment in another EU country.”

整个欧盟只有一个紧急号码

112

无论你在欧盟哪里，都可以用固定电话或手机免费拨打 112，而它把你直接接到紧急救援部门：警察、救护车和消防。它是唯一在每一个欧盟国家都好用的号码。

“112 is the European emergency number you can dial free of charge from fixed and mobile phones everywhere in the EU. It will get you straight through to the emergency services – police, ambulance, fire brigade.”

免费，不需要余额，也不需要任何支付手段

通过 112 接入紧急救援部门是免费的，不得要求任何支付手段。条文连公共付费电话的使用者也一并涵盖：求救从来不是一笔消费。

“Member States shall ensure that all end-users of the services referred to in paragraph 2, including users of public pay telephones, are able to access the emergency services through emergency communications free of charge and without having to use any means of payment, by using the single European emergency number ‘112’ and any national emergency number specified by Member States.”

你的位置随呼叫一起走，不收取任何费用，也没有什么选项

呼叫者位置信息在通信建立之后无延迟地提供给紧急呼叫受理中心，来自网络，并在可获得时来自手机。它的生成和传送对呼叫者免费。

“Member States shall ensure that caller location information is made available to the most appropriate PSAP without delay after the emergency communication is set up. This shall include network-based location information and, where available, handset-derived caller location information. Member States shall ensure that the establishment and the transmission of the caller location information are free of charge for the end-user and the PSAP with regard to all emergency communications to the single European emergency number ‘112’.”

受理至少和本国号码一样快

拨往 112 的呼叫应当在本国紧急救援部门的组织框架内得到妥当应答，并且在本国紧急号码仍在使用的地方，至少与拨往这些号码的呼叫一样迅速有效地受理。

“Member States shall ensure that all emergency communications to the single European emergency number ‘112’ are appropriately answered and handled in the manner best suited to the national organisation of emergency systems. Such emergency communications shall be answered and handled at least as expeditiously and effectively as emergency communications to the national emergency number or numbers, where those continue to be in use.”

残障用户获得对等的接入

残障终端用户接入紧急救援部门的条件与其他用户所享有的对等，包括在另一个成员国旅行期间，并在可行的情况下不需要任何事先登记。

“Member States shall ensure that access for end-users with disabilities to emergency services is available through emergency communications and is equivalent to that enjoyed by other end-users, in accordance with Union law harmonising accessibility requirements for products and services. The Commission and the national regulatory or other competent authorities shall take appropriate measures to ensure that, whilst travelling in another Member State, end-users with disabilities can access emergency services on an equivalent basis with other end-users, where feasible without any pre-registration.”

116 000 用于失踪的孩子，在每一个欧盟国家

如果一个孩子失踪，无论在自己国家还是在欧盟别处，116 000 接收报案，并提供引导和支持。按照欧盟规则，这条热线在所有欧盟国家都可以使用。

“If your child goes missing, either at home or in another EU country, you can call 116 000, the hotline for missing children. In line with EU rules, the 116 000 hotline is available in all EU countries. […] You can use the hotline to report a missing child; it also provides guidance and support to the families of missing children.”

在其他欧盟国家获得承认的处方

如果该药品在其境内获准，成员国应确保在另一个成员国为指名患者开出的处方可以得到调配，并且禁止对承认作出任何一律性的限制，条文写明的例外之外别无其他。

“If a medicinal product is authorised to be marketed on their territory, in accordance with Directive 2001/83/EC or Regulation (EC) No 726/2004, Member States shall ensure that prescriptions issued for such a product in another Member State for a named patient can be dispensed on their territory in compliance with their national legislation in force, and that any restrictions on recognition of individual prescriptions are prohibited unless such restrictions are: (a) limited to what is necessary and proportionate to safeguard human health, and non-discriminatory; or (b) based on legitimate and justified doubts about the authenticity, content or comprehensibility of an individual prescription.”

一份要向你的医生索取的跨境处方

不存在什么专门的表格：让处方在别处可用的是它的内容，至少要有患者姓名全称和出生日期、开具日期、可辨识且联系得上的处方医师，以及以通用名列出的药品，附剂型、数量、规格和用法用量。

“There is no specific form or format for a prescription you will use in another EU country. […] It has to contain at least the following information: Patient details: surname and first name (both written in full), and date of birth Date of issue of the prescription Details of the prescribing doctor: surname and first name (written in full), professional qualification, direct contact details, work address (including the country), and signature (written or digital) Details of the prescribed product: its common name (rather than the brand name, which may be different in another country), format (tablet, solution, etc.), quantity, strength and dosage.”

在窗口，适用调配国的规则

调配受处方使用国的规则约束：药师适用本国规则，例如对时限或者用量的限制。承认不会把你本国的规则一起带进来。

“The dispensation of prescriptions is subject to the rules of the country where they are dispensed. This means that a pharmacist will apply national rules when dispensing your medicine – for example, time or dosage limitations to dispensation of prescriptions.”

报销按自己的规则办

处方的承认不影响药品报销的规则。拿到药和获得报销是两份分开的卷宗：付款，留好收据，把报销带到它自己的窗口去。

“The recognition of such prescriptions shall not affect national rules governing prescribing and dispensing, if those rules are compatible with Union law, including generic or other substitution. The recognition of prescriptions shall not affect the rules on reimbursement of medicinal products. Reimbursement of costs of medicinal products is covered by Chapter III of this Directive.”

药品的可得性没有保障

有些药品在另一个国家可能未获准销售，或者可能买不到，即使是在欧盟境内，也可能以另一个名字存在。处方上的通用名是最好的保障。

“Some medicines may not be authorised for sale or may not be available in another country, even within the EU.”

药师基于伦理的拒绝，与本地处方同等对待

药师保留基于伦理理由拒绝的权利，但仅限于他面对在投保成员国开出的处方时本会享有同样拒绝权的情形。不歧视外国处方，也不给它开绿灯。

“the recognition of prescriptions shall not affect a pharmacist’s right, by virtue of national rules, to refuse, for ethical reasons, to dispense a product that was prescribed in another Member State, where the pharmacist would have the right to refuse to dispense, had the prescription been issued in the Member State of affiliation.”

底下那项权利：停留期间变得必需的医疗

在另一个成员国停留期间，你有权获得因医疗原因而变得必需的实物给付，同时考虑给付的性质和预计的停留时长，并且如同你就是在该国参保的人一样提供。这张卡证明这项权利；它并不创造这项权利。

“an insured person and the members of his/her family staying in a Member State other than the competent Member State shall be entitled to the benefits in kind which become necessary on medical grounds during their stay, taking into account the nature of the benefits and the expected length of the stay. These benefits shall be provided on behalf of the competent institution by the institution of the place of stay, in accordance with the provisions of the legislation it applies, as though the persons concerned were insured under the said legislation.”

没有卡，不能拒绝为你治疗

如果你没有卡，或者卡用不了，不能拒绝为你治疗，但你可能要付全额，然后回家之后申请报销。这句话的两半都算数。

“If you don't have your EHIC, or you can't use it (for instance, for private health care), you can't be refused treatment but you might have to pay the full amount for your treatment and claim reimbursement once you get home.”

那份文件可以由停留国的窗口去取得

如果你没有表明你有资格的那份文件，停留地经办机构应当在收到请求时或者在其他必要情形下，联系主管经办机构以取得一份。你在窗口提出的请求，就足以让各医保机构之间的交换开始。

“the insured person shall present to the health care provider in the Member State of stay a document issued by the competent institution indicating his entitlement to benefits in kind. If the insured person does not have such a document, the institution of the place of stay, upon request or if otherwise necessary, shall contact the competent institution in order to obtain one.”

没有卡的真实风险：全价，甚至自费患者的身份

在某些国家，没有卡，你可能被当作自费患者对待，按自费价格收费，即使在公立机构里也是如此。这项风险是写明的：它是需要事先准备的东西，不是在窗口提出异议的东西。

“In certain countries, without the EHIC, you might be treated as a private patient and charged private prices even in public establishments. You can then claim reimbursement from your health insurer when you get home. This applies to both public and private healthcare providers. However, the terms will be different: only treatments which you are entitled to receive at home will be reimbursed you will be reimbursed only up to the cost of treatment in your home country – which may be less than you paid for the treatment”

回家之后的报销，被两道写明的界限框住

报销在回家之后向你的医保机构申请，公立和私立的医疗提供者都一样，带着两道边界：只报你在自己国家有权获得的治疗，而且以它们在自己国家的费用为上限，这个数额可能低于你所付的。

“In certain countries, without the EHIC, you might be treated as a private patient and charged private prices even in public establishments. You can then claim reimbursement from your health insurer when you get home. This applies to both public and private healthcare providers. However, the terms will be different: only treatments which you are entitled to receive at home will be reimbursed you will be reimbursed only up to the cost of treatment in your home country – which may be less than you paid for the treatment”

一个在就医之前答复你的国家联络点

每个欧盟国家都至少有一个国家联络点，回答报销的问题，包括在就医之前回答：报不报，有没有上限。账单上那个意外，有一个办公室的活就是把它拆掉。

“Each EU country has at least one national contact point that can assist you with questions on reimbursement. […] If you're not sure about your rights and want to check before getting treatment, each EU country has at least one National Contact Point that can inform you whether or not you will be entitled to reimbursement, and whether any ceiling applies.”

在欧盟任何一所大学读书，没有国籍壁垒

你有权在欧盟任何一所大学以与本国国民相同的条件读书，任何国家都不得以你的国籍为由拒绝你接受教育或培训。入学条件确实有差别：平等针对的是规则，不是结果。

“As an EU citizen, you are entitled to study at any EU university under the same conditions as nationals. However, conditions of entry vary significantly between individual countries and universities. […] Regardless of the other entry conditions, you may not be refused access to training or education in another EU country on grounds of your nationality.”

本国国民的学费，以及他们的学费助学金

不得要求你缴纳比该国国民更高的学费，而且你有权获得与他们相同的、用于支付学费的助学金。

“you cannot be required to pay higher course fees. you are entitled to the same grants to cover course fees as nationals of that country.”

写明的界限：生活费助学金不受保障

平等待遇不一定适用于生活补助或生活费助学金和贷款。某些国家出于自己的主动把它们提供给外国学生：这是一种值得去查的可能，绝不是一项可以主张的权利。

“This treatment does not necessarily apply to support or maintenance grants and loans. Some countries may nevertheless choose to provide maintenance grants to foreign students, on their own initiative.”

除身份证件外没有任何手续的 3 个月

至多 3 个月，在另一成员国的居留除持有有效身份证或护照之外，不知任何条件或手续。没有签证，没有许可，没有材料。

“Union citizens shall have the right of residence on the territory of another Member State for a period of up to three months without any conditions or any formalities other than the requirement to hold a valid identity card or passport.”

3 个月之后：三个条件，以及按你的方式作出的财力证明

超过 3 个月的学生居留建立在三件事上：在获认可的机构注册、全面疾病保险，以及以一份声明或你可以选择的任何同等方式作出的充足财力保证。

“are enrolled at a private or public establishment, accredited or financed by the host Member State on the basis of its legislation or administrative practice, for the principal purpose of following a course of study, including vocational training; and […] have comprehensive sickness insurance cover in the host Member State and assure the relevant national authority, by means of a declaration or by such equivalent means as they may choose, that they have sufficient resources for themselves and their family members not to become a burden on the social assistance system of the host Member State during their period of residence”

一次被围起来的登记：三份材料，没有可要求的数额

为签发登记证明，国家只能要求身份证件、注册证明、保险证明和财力声明，而且不得要求这份声明写明任何具体数额。同一条第 2 款补充说，证明立即签发。

“Union citizens to whom point (c) of Article 7(1) applies present a valid identity card or passport, provide proof of enrolment at an accredited establishment and of comprehensive sickness insurance cover and the declaration or equivalent means referred to in point (c) of Article 7(1). Member States may not require this declaration to refer to any specific amount of resources.”

不因一道含糊的命令而离开：书面、附理由的决定，带申诉途径

要求离境或驱逐决定必须以书面作出、说明其理由，并写明如何申诉以及在什么期限内申诉。以公共秩序为由的驱逐仍属例外，并且需要一项严重威胁的证明。

“In exceptional cases, your host country can deport you on grounds of public policy or public security - but only if it can prove you represent a serious threat. […] The deportation decision or the request to leave must be given to you in writing. It must state the reasons for your deportation and specify how you can appeal and by when.”

以与本国国民相同的优先顺位取得就业机会

任何成员国的国民都有权按照管辖本国国民就业的规则，在另一成员国从事并持续从事受雇活动，并在取得可供聘用的职位时享有相同的优先顺位。

“Any national of a Member State shall, irrespective of his place of residence, have the right to take up an activity as an employed person, and to pursue such activity, within the territory of another Member State in accordance with the provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action governing the employment of nationals of that State. […] He shall, in particular, have the right to take up available employment in the territory of another Member State with the same priority as nationals of that State.”

外籍配额不把你算进去

按人数或百分比限制外国国民就业的规定，无论是按企业、按行业、按地区还是在全国范围，都不适用于其他成员国的国民。

“Provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action of the Member States which restrict by number or percentage the employment of foreign nationals in any undertaking, branch of activity or region, or at a national level, shall not apply to nationals of the other Member States.”

一般不需要工作许可，自营职业者从来不需要

欧盟公民在欧盟工作一般不需要工作许可，而自营职业者从来不需要许可。官方页面上的“generally”涵盖的是少见的特别制度。

“As an EU national you generally don't need a work permit to work anywhere in the EU. Work permits are never required for self-employed people in the EU.”

相同的就业条件，相同的社会和税收优待

在任何就业和工作条件方面，尤其是报酬、解雇和再就业方面，不得因国籍而有待遇差别，并且享有与本国劳动者相同的社会和税收优待。

“1. A worker who is a national of a Member State may not, in the territory of another Member State, be treated differently from national workers by reason of his nationality in respect of any conditions of employment and work, in particular as regards remuneration, dismissal, and, should he become unemployed, reinstatement or re-employment. 2. He shall enjoy the same social and tax advantages as national workers.”

歧视性条款当然无效

集体协议或个别协议中关于就业资格、报酬、工作条件或解雇的任何条款，凡对其他成员国的劳动者规定歧视性条件，一律当然无效。没有哪个签字能救它。

“Any clause of a collective or individual agreement or of any other collective regulation concerning eligibility for employment, remuneration and other conditions of work or dismissal shall be null and void in so far as it lays down or authorises discriminatory conditions in respect of workers who are nationals of the other Member States.”

写明的界限：由工作性质所要求的语言

针对歧视性条件的保护不适用于因所要填补岗位的性质而要求的语言知识。一项真实的、与岗位挂钩的语言要求是允许的；借口式的语言不被允许。

“provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action or administrative practices of a Member State shall not apply: (a) where they limit application for and offers of employment, or the right of foreign nationals to take up and pursue employment or subject these to conditions not applicable in respect of their own nationals; […] The first subparagraph shall not apply to conditions relating to linguistic knowledge required by reason of the nature of the post to be filled. […] prescribe a special recruitment procedure for foreign nationals;”

一个支撑你的本国平等待遇机构

遇到歧视，你可以求助于一个本国平等待遇机构：提供信息、协助投诉，有时还可以经你同意在有管辖权的法院提起诉讼。

“If you believe that you have been discriminated against, you can bring your case to a national equality body […] Some may simply provide you with useful information regarding your situation, while others can help you make a complaint. They may even, with your approval, take your case to the competent courts.”

3 个月以内的居留，只凭一张身份证

至多 3 个月，在另一成员国的居留除持有有效身份证或护照之外，不知任何条件或手续。没有许可，没有签证，没有要申请的身份，打工的人和实习的人都一样。

“Union citizens shall have the right of residence on the territory of another Member State for a period of up to three months without any conditions or any formalities other than the requirement to hold a valid identity card or passport.”

到达申报，在存在的地方是一道被围起来的手续

某些国家要求在合理期限内向主管机关申报到达，通常是市政厅或者当地警察。只需要身份证件，这道手续应当是免费的，而住在酒店时，前台的一份表格通常就把一切办妥了。

“All you need to report your presence as EU national is your identity card or passport […] You should not have to pay any fees. If you are staying in a hotel, it is usually enough to fill in a special form - the hotel will take care of the rest.”

忘了申报可能受到处罚，绝不会被驱逐

你不能因为没有申报你的到来而被驱逐；不过某些国家可能对你处以罚款。官方页面写的是“一项处罚，例如罚款”：那是一个例子，不是上限。它明确排除掉的东西，排除得很干脆：驱逐。

“Some EU countries require you to report your presence to the relevant authorities (often the town hall or local police station) within a reasonable period of time after arrival and may impose a penalty, such as a fine if you fail to do so. […] In some EU countries, failure to report your presence might result in a fine, but you cannot be expelled just for this.”

一份不需要工作许可的暑期工，一般而言

欧盟公民在欧盟工作一般不需要工作许可。官方页面上的“generally”涵盖的是少见的特别制度，不是 2 个月的端盘子。

“As an EU national you generally don't need a work permit to work anywhere in the EU. Work permits are never required for self-employed people in the EU.”

与该国季节性劳动者相同的工资标准，相同的优待

来自另一成员国的劳动者不得因国籍而在就业和工作条件方面受到不同待遇，报酬排在最前，并且享有相同的社会和税收优待。“外籍标准”在法律上不存在。

“1. A worker who is a national of a Member State may not, in the territory of another Member State, be treated differently from national workers by reason of his nationality in respect of any conditions of employment and work, in particular as regards remuneration, dismissal, and, should he become unemployed, reinstatement or re-employment. 2. He shall enjoy the same social and tax advantages as national workers.”

与该国国民相同的、来自就业服务机构的协助

在另一成员国寻找工作的人，在该国获得与该国就业服务机构给予本国国民相同的协助。登记、岗位信息和支持都算在内。

“A national of a Member State who seeks employment in the territory of another Member State shall receive the same assistance there as that afforded by the employment offices in that State to their own nationals seeking employment.”

写明的界限：收入补助可以等过前 3 个月

接待国可以在居留的前 3 个月内不给予收入补助或其他福利的领取资格，官方给的例子是干了 1 个月工作之后申请的季节性劳动者，而对以求职者身份到来的人，期限甚至更长。

“you must also be treated in exactly the same way as your local colleagues who are citizens of the country when it comes to working rights, social benefits and access to public employment services. […] However, your host country may decide to withhold your entitlement to income support […] for the first 3 months of your residence (for example if you came as a seasonal worker, worked 1 month and then applied for income support), and for even longer if you arrive in the country as a job-seeker.”

两种绝不可混同的制度：工作与求学

专业资格的承认是为了到欧盟另一个国家工作；它不适用于去那里求学要走的步骤。同一个“文凭”这个词底下装着两道程序、两个窗口和两份日程。

“This section is about getting your professional qualifications recognised to work in another EU country. It doesn't apply if you want to study in another EU country.”

一经承认，你以与本国国民相同的条件从事该职业

接待成员国对专业资格的承认，使你得以取得与你在原籍成员国所具资格相同的那项职业的从业机会，并在该国以与其国民相同的条件从事该职业。

“1. The recognition of professional qualifications by the host Member State shall allow beneficiaries to gain access in that Member State to the same profession as that for which they are qualified in the home Member State and to pursue it in the host Member State under the same conditions as its nationals.”

行业性职业的自动承认

医生、负责一般护理的护士、牙科执业人员、兽医、药剂师、建筑师，以及在相邻一款里的助产士：对于符合最低培训条件的那些资格，各成员国赋予它们与本国自行签发的资格相同的效力。证明要递交，许可要等。

“Each Member State shall recognise evidence of formal qualifications as doctor giving access to the professional activities of doctor with basic training and specialised doctor, as nurse responsible for general care, as dental practitioner, as specialised dental practitioner, as veterinary surgeon, as pharmacist and as architect, […] and shall, for the purposes of access to and pursuit of the professional activities, give such evidence the same effect on its territory as the evidence of formal qualifications which it itself issues.”

写明的期限：1 个月内出回执，3 个月内作出决定

材料一到，主管机关必须在 1 个月内出具回执，可以要求补充材料，并且必须自收到资格证明文件起 3 个月内作出决定。

“Once the relevant national authorities receive your documents, they: have to acknowledge receipt within 1 month may ask you for additional documents have to take a decision within 3 months of receiving your certification papers.”

不受管制的职业：没有许可要申请

如果你的职业在接待国不受管制，你没有许可要申请，也没有行政程序要启动，而且你以与该国国民相同的条件从事它。唯一要核对的是它没有被视为另一项受管制职业的一部分。

“You don't need to request permission or start any administrative procedure. You can practise your profession in your new EU country under the same conditions as the nationals of that country. […] Your profession may not be regulated as such but be considered part of another regulated profession.”

求学的文凭：欧洲层面没有自动承认

学术文凭不存在欧盟范围内的自动承认：教育体系仍由本国主管机关负责，承认外国资格的规则由它们制定。要早一点核对，一个国家一个国家地核对。

“There is no automatic EU-wide recognition of academic diplomas. […] Individual governments of EU countries remain responsible for their education systems and are free to apply their own rules, including whether or not to recognise academic qualifications obtained elsewhere.”

可比性声明，学术这一侧的工具

在大多数情况下，一份可比性声明会把你的学位对照接待国的体系加以评估，途径是 ENIC/NARIC 中心，由它评估或者转交给主管机关。事先要核对的是：费用、时长、材料类型，以及不同意时的申诉途径。

“In most cases, you can obtain a "statement of comparability" of your university degree, stating how it compares to the diplomas delivered in the EU country you are moving to. […] the ENIC/NARIC centre will either evaluate them itself, or transfer them to the competent authority. […] how much the service will cost (if there is a fee) how long the assessment will take – it could be several weeks to several months depending on the country, the purpose, and the complexity of your file […] what you can do if you disagree with the assessment (how to appeal)”